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Author(s): Nishant Verma , Bradley P Knight Added: 3 years ago
A Brief History of Cardiac Pacing Electrical stimulation of the heart was used sporadically throughout the 19th century, generating a set of case reports, largely related to attempts to resuscitate people.1 The contemporary field of cardiac pacing emerged in the 20th century (Figure 1). The first use of pacemakers in a modern sense was in the late 1920s when Australian anaesthetist Mark Lidwell… View more
Author(s): George Thomas , Jiwon Kim , Bruce B Lerman Added: 3 years ago
CRT is an essential treatment for patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction as it can restore left ventricular (LV) electrical and mechanical synchrony. It has been shown to increase quality of life, improve functional status, reduce hospitalisation, improve LV systolic function and reduce mortality in properly selected patients.1,2 While CRT is an effective therapy, approximately… View more
Author(s): Geoffrey F Lewis , Michael R Gold Added: 3 years ago
Since the introduction of CRT more than 20 years ago, its role in mild to severe systolic heart failure has become well established. CRT has been shown to decrease mortality, reduce heart failure hospitalisations and improve functional status in patients with NYHA class II–IV heart failure and QRS prolongation, most commonly with LBBB pattern.1 One of the major limitations of CRT implementation… View more
Author(s): Rakesh Gopinathannair , Benjamin C Salgado , Brian Olshansky Added: 3 years ago
Heart rate and blood pressure are tightly regulated by autonomic control to effect adequate blood flow as needed. This regulatory process breaks down when the vasovagal reflex is activated. Profound, but brief, circulatory collapse manifests as bradycardia (cardioinhibitory response) and/or hypotension (vasodepressor response) and/or altered cerebral autoregulation, resulting in transient loss of… View more